FM Rectenna for Energy Havesting , the Cheap Way

This courtesy of Mohi El-deen Ahmad, Alexandria University Egypt, Marine Engineering Department. Email : mohey_d2005@yahoo.com

Abstract - Energy harvesting techniques are emerging as environmental friendly en ergy sources, which form a promising alternative to existing energy resources. These include rectennas, solar cells, harvesting human energy and wind power. GHz/THz rectennas already exist and have some characteristics such as small size and wideband. Thes e rectennas have a lot of disadvantages such as power fading, complicated design procedure and high fabrication technology. Thus, the present paper suggests using FM rectennas to solve these problems and by using fractals we will keep the advantages. The present paper discusses the design and implementation of a rectenna prototype operating in the FM range. Using Fractal antennas (which offer broadband/multiband operation) and simple tricks from circuit design, God’s willing, proves to be a successful strategy for obtaining useful power from a cheap easy to fabricate rectenna that can be even made in home by interested users. The paper includes theoretical discussion, simulation results and practical prototype results. Keywords: rectennas, fractals,rectifying circuits, antennas, energy harvesting. I. INTRODUCTION Energy harvesting techniques are emerging as environmental friendly energy sources, which form a promising alternative to existing energy resources. These include energy harvesting from rectennas , passive human power, wind energy and solar power. Energy harvesting from human power is used to generate useful power by portable equipments are wearable devices in which digital systems are integrated in everyday personal belongings, like clothes, watch, glasses, etc. Human body can be considered as a storehouse of energy. There exist two possibilities: power can be scavenged from the user's everyday actions or can be intentionally generated by the user. This method has a lot of advantages. It allows the decrease in both size and power consumption of complex digital systems. The power harvesting can be stored in capacitors, rechargeable batteries, etc. The disadvantages of this method arise because the portable products are powered by rechargeable batteries and they will remain as the main source for this kind of consumer products. However the disadvantage of batteries is the need to rather place or recharge them periodically. Typical candidate applications are extracting power from pedaling which can generate power up to 1.6 mJ, from typing which can generate pewer up to 2 mJ with every push of the button of 15 N and power from body heat which can recoverable 2.8 - 4.8 W of power. [1] Another method to harvest energy is offshore wind energy where rese archers are developing new technologies to provide electricity offshore. The new Spar - WARP wind machine developed by ENECO can produce and store clean, safe electricity offshore in many areas where there is sufficient wind speed. Most offshore areas provid e good sites for wind technology. A good land site usually has mean wind speeds of 13 to 17 mph, while typical offshore mean wind speeds range from 15 to 20 mph [2]. The WARP, which stands for Wind Amplified Rotor Platform, is designed to further amplify w ind by as much as 50 to 80 percent, and has many advantages for providing electricity in offshore areas. It can be installed in any depth of water –– on a foundation in shallow water or on a floating platform tethered to the bottom by cable in deep water. A third method to harvest energy the solar power may be used. Solar energy is an environment energy available to power portable devices. A photovoltaic system generates electricity by the conversion of the sun's energy into electricity. Photovoltaic systems are found from the Megawatt to the milliwatt range producing electricity for a wide range of applications: from wristwatch to grid - connected PV systems. The examples of consumer products that contain PV solar cells are: calculators, radios, headphones, l ap tops, battery chargers, etc. [1] Moreover, we can use solar rectennas to harvest solar power but those rectennas are operating at GHz/THz and have a lot of disadvantages such as power fading, complicated design procedure and high fabrication technology . Thus, it has been suggested to use FM rectennas operating at FM range of frequencies using fractal antennas not to harvest solar power but to harvest electromagnetic waves instead of all those energy harvesting techniques because those FM rectennas are simp ler and cheaper to construct. To maintain rectennas advantages, fractal antennas are used. DC - up converter circuits can be used to raise the voltage harvested by the rectenna. The organization of the remaining of the paper is as follows. In secti on II, we will explain the rectenna concept and offer a brief literature survey which shows the efforts of some researchers. Section III explains fractal antennas and especially Sierpinski triangle fractals. This section will show the complete rectenna design applied of a fractal antenna called FRACTENT [5]. Finally in section IV the simulation and the pra ctical results of complete recte nna are given including steps of constructing the cheap simple prototype. Simulations are performed using NEC2 software and P -SPICE software. II. RECTENNA CONCEPT AND A BRIEF LITERATURE SURVEY A rectenna is a device that can harvest microwave energy. It can be constructed using an antenna, rectifier circuit, smoothing circuit. A basic rectenna is shown in Fig.1. [1]
ig. 1 The complete rectenna Several researchers reported the successful design and implementation of rectenna. J. Hagerty, ET . Al . have developed a new approach for construction of efficient rectenna arrays for arbitrarily polarized incident waves with broad spectral content. The approach has been validated experimentally on a dense grid array that rectifies two orthogonal linear polarizations, and on a self - similar spiral array with alternating right - hand and left - hand circular polarizations. The two arrays operate from 4.5to 8GHz and 8.5to 15GHz and have maximum open circuit voltages of 3.5 and 4.0V, respectively. Their efficiencies increase above 35% and 45%, respectively, for higher incident powers. The grid of rectifiers has excellent reliability and grace full degradation. The limiting factor on the size of the grid rectifier is the current rating on the diodes. Note that in the grid in Fig.2 the four corner diodes are the most critical ones, because one half of the current through the DC terminals passes through each of the diodes. If these 4 diodes are replaced by shorts, the current in the DC leads can be twice as large. The current intensity in the next diodes closest to the terminals is half of that through the four most critical diodes. Any overloaded diodes in the grid are automatically eliminated if they fail as shorts, and the rest of the grid continues to function. If a diode fails as an open, the current will find a path through the other diode s/shorts across the grid. [3] Fig.2 The grid array rec tifier

Another researcher Y. Li has developed a 2.45 GHz low power rectenna design for wireless sensor and RFID applications. The system is monolithically integrated onto a single circuit board. A high gain patch antenna array is used to boost the power l evel at the input of the Rectenna for better power conversion efficiency. Moreover, a hybrid ring coupler is used to divide the power between Rectenna and detector. The system implements a key RF front end for GAP4S wireless sensor system [4]. III. FRACTA L ANTENNAS Fractals are geometrical shapes, which are self - similar, repeating themselves at different scales. In this chapter we will shown two examples of fractal antenna (Sierpinski triangle antenna and kuch curve antenna), after that we will shown FRAC TENT that will using in our FM rectenna. The Sierpinski triangle, shown in Fig.3, is a common self - similar geometrical figure.


It also has been used as a very effective antenna in the GHz frequency range. The geometric construction of such a triangle is si mple. One starts with the black equilateral shape and takes afterwards, in different steps, the middle of the sides and generates respectively 3, 9, 27, 81, triangles which are self similar and exactly scaled down versions of the initiating shape. The same procedure can be observed in Fig.4 where a Koch curve is iterated in 3 steps. It is interesting to know something about the “Dimension” of such a fractured structure. The term “Dimension” in mathematics has different meanings. The common definition is th e “Topologic Dimension” in which a point has the dimension 0, a line has the dimension 1, a surface has the dimension 2 and a cube has dimension 3.


Using Fractal geometry in antennas results in multi - frequency/broadband behavior. This behavior is best illustrated based on discussion of Sierpinski monopoles Fig.4 The Kuch curve antenna The Sierpinski Monopole is shown in Fig.5. This is a monopole antenna resonant at frequencies of 0.44, 1.75, 3.51, 7.01 and 13.89GH z having an input resistance of 50Ω. One can easily see the 5 resonant frequencies of the structure by looking to the 5 circles marking the respective triangles. The complete rectenna design (antenna+ rectifier and smoothing circuit) has been shown in Fig. 1. The multi broadband response of fractal antennas mentioned earlier make them suitable for use in rectenna applications since they can harvest more power than a single band antenna. The FRACTENT [5] is a particularly interesting antenna geometry as shown in Fig.6. Since the Fractent operates at FM range, the author was able to construct it using the following simple procedure. First, the Fractent operating was drawn to scale. Second, a common 1 - mm copper wire was shaped by hand to take the Fractent shape The performance of FRACTENT has been studied through simulation using NEC2 software and has been validated practically by the author by putting it into operation as an FM antenna. The rectification circuit and smoothing circuit shown in Fig.1 The following design formula has been used Full - wave bridge rectifier with Schottky diode. Schottky diodes have been used duo to their low turn - on voltage and fast response which is necessary at high frequency. It is important to note that the choice of FM range is important because it allows for easy and cheap rectifier/smoother circuit design and implementation while working in higher microwave frequency range requires more technologically complex methods. I





V. SIMULATION AND PRACTICAL RESULTS The fractal antenna prototype constructed by the author is shown in Fig. 7 We use NEC2 software to simulate this antenna and results at 90 M Hz are shown in Fig. 8 .The antenna radiation pattern is shown in Fig. 9 . Simple frequency scaling was used to change the dimensions of the antenna so as to transform its bandwidth to 90 MHz . Rectifier circuit simulate on P - SPICE program. The results of P - SPICE program are shown in Fig.1 0 V. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, it was shown that energy can be harvested from some sources such as rectennas, human power, solar energy and offshore wind energy. The rectenna concept was the focus of the paper as efficient alternative t o common GHz/THz rectennas. To get over the technological difficulties associated with developing rectennas at GHz/THz range, the author developed a new rectenna efficient design that uses fractal antennas operating at FM range. The rectenna operating an F M range is easily constructed using common copper wire, diodes and capacitors, which make them easy and cheap to develop even by inexperienced users without compromising rectenna efficiency. Thus, the developed rectenna is cheap, efficient, simple to imple ment and environmental friendly. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to Allah almighty for helping us complete this work. Thanks to my colleagues for their support. REFERENCES [1] M.Loreto Mateu Saez, Energy Harvesting from Passive Human Power , PhD Thesis in Elect ronics Engineering, UPC - BARCELONA TECH University, Spain, January 2004. available on line: pmos.upc.es/blues/projects/thesis_project_mateu.pdf [2] http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/classactivities/SecArticle.pdf [3] Joseph A. Hagerty, Nestor D.Lopez, Branko Po povic, and Zoya Popovic, Broad band Recte nna Array for Randomly Polarized Incident Waves , European Microwave Conference , Paris, France, October 2000 [4] Yunlei Li, 2.4 GHZ Low Power Rectenna Design for Wireless Sensor & RFID Applications , PhD Thesis, Unive rsity of Texas at Dallas, October 2003. [5] Werner Hodlmayr, Fractal Antennas , Technical report available on - line, webmaster@antennex.com, January 2004.

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Sale IC Audio Power Amplifier RSN3305 Panasonic - Model : RSN3305 / RSN3305A Type: AF Amplifier Power Module There are too many modules waiting to be uploaded. If you need other models, please contact us for  the price. Thank you for your understanding. Packing & shipping: 1.) - All items are packed in safe condition to ensure good arrival. 2.) - We can deliver it in  few days. Service Principle: 1.) - Best price for good quality. 2.) - Fast delivery in short time 3.) - Fast and timely response 4.) - Superior service Chat with me anytime if you have any questions or problems, we will reply within 24 hours

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There is also a SAW filter for GPS products with a frequency of 1575.42 MHz. with I.L 0.85 dB, 1.2 dB, 1.5 dB ripple of 0.1 dB, VSWR 1:15 and 1:20, package SM115, SM214, SM224.

SAW Filter Resonator and SAW Duplexer for Wireless Remote Controller

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Tolerance for products SAW Resonator +/- 75 KHz, Insertion Loss 1.3 dB, 1.2 dB, 1.5 dB, while Packaging TO-39 / 39L, SM558, F-11 / 11L, F-11L, TO-39L.


Build this Bandpass Filter for digital TV

Bandpass filter for digital TV antenna is to cut the ripple signal from band frequency TV reception on digital band between 470 MHZ - 800 MHz.
There are 2 kind of Bandpass filter.

1. RC Bandpass filter, which is using Resistor (R) and Capacitor (C) .

    RC Bandpass filter is combination between Low Pass Filter and High Pass Filter.

For Low Pass Filter , we use R and C component :
   
    R = 10 Ohm
    C = 33. 88 pF

For High Pass Filter, We use :

   R = 10 Ohm
   C  = 18.3 pF

 The Circuit is :


   

We can Supply SAW Resonator

We also supply the needs of SAW filters and SAW Resonator devices.
For SAW resonator , there is one port series with a wide range of packaging and frequency of different - different. No one series port for wireless remote controller with a frequency of 105 MHz - 325 MHz.

One-port SAW resonator series with a center frequency or center frequency 105.5 MHz, insertion loss 2.5 dB, Package SF-712, tolerance +/- 75 Khz.

Here is a one port SAW resonator that we have and we can supply for the needs of factory production.

Center Frequency: 158.15 MHZ, tolerance +/- 100 KHz, insertion loss is 1.5 dB, package SF-712, center frequency: 222.15 MHz, insertion loss is 1.5 dB, tolerance +/- 100 KHz and SF-712 package.

Center Frequency of SAW Resonator available to us:
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For more details of data can be downloaded here
There is also a one-port SAW resonators in series with a frequency range of 327-868 MHz. SAW Resonator is also used for wireless remote controller. 

Center Frequency for the 327-868 MHz SAW Resonator start: 327.3 MHz, 300 MHz, 308 MHz, 340 MHz, 345 MHz, 350 MHz, 360 MHz, 372 MHz, 388.95 MHz, 390 MHz, 391 MHz, 395 MHz, 400 MHz , 407.3 MHz, 409 MHz, 417 MHz, 417.5 MHz, 418 MHz, 419.95 MHz, 423.17 MHz, 423.22 MHz with a frequency tolerance of +/- 75 KHz, insertion loss varies, there is 1.2 dB, and 1.5 dB 1.3dB and packaging TO-39 / 39L, F-11 / 11L, SM558, SM534

There is also a SAW Resonator one / two ports series with a frequency of 105.5 MHz - 868.35 MHz.

Here are the technical characteristics of SAW Resonator one / two ports series and equivalent circuits and part numbering.

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OCXO Data


For SMD OCXO, there are four pad, 5pad, 7pad DIP dual inline package, working frequency 1-170 MHz, +/- 0.05-0.5 ppm frequency stability, temperature range of -40 to 85 degrees Celcius, the input voltage between 3.5-12 volts.

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Nickel Insulation: PBT & 30% glass fiber reinforced thermo plastic: UL94V-O UL File# E107536, material D202G30 Electrical: Signal Contact Rating: 7.5 Amp Coax Impedance: 50 ohm or 75 ohm Coax VSWR: Less than 1.3 - 1.0 up to 500 MHZ Coax Insertion Loss: 0.1 dB loss at 55 MHZ High Power Contact Rating: 40, 20 or 10 Amp Dielectric Withstanding: 1500V at sea level Operation Temperature: -55oC to +105oC rohs-small.gif Mechanical Specification and Mounting Option: Shell Size Plug \ Recept Dimensions mm A B C D E Plug 30.81 16.92 24.88 8.36 Recept 16.33 7.87 A Plug 39.14 25.25 33.32 8.36 Recept 24.66 7.87 B Plug 53.04 38.96 47.04 8.36 Recept 38.38 7.87 C Plug 69.32 55.42 63.50 8.36 Recept 54.84 7.87 D Plug 66.93 52.81 61.11 8.36 Recept 52.43 7.87 Option Part Number (Suffix) 3.0 dia Hole - (Standard) Fixed Jack Screw 2NA Clinch Nut 2N Ordering Part Numbers Effective Apr. 15, 2001 part numbers for this series has changed. The part numbers below are the new P/N. Click Here to see a cross reference of the new P/N to the old P/N. For assistance E-Mail us at sales@hochien.com or call (909)596-6298. Shell Size Contact Arrangements (Front view of Plug/ Rear view of Recept) Plug \ Recept Part Number (Tin Shell) Housing Only Set (Contacts packaged separately) Coax Combo** High Power Combo 50 Ohm 75 Ohm 40 Amp 20 Amp 10 Amp E 2W2 Plug 1100-22T 1150-22T 1170-22T 1140-22T 1120-22T 1110-22T Recept 1101-22T 1151-22T 1171-22T 1141-22T 1121-22T 1111-22T 5W1 Plug 1100-51T 1150-51T 1170-51T 1140-51T 1120-51T 1110-51T Recept 1101-51T 1151-51T 1171-51T 1141-51T 1121-51T 1111-51T A spec-coax-3w3.gif 3W3 Plug 1100-33T 1150-33T 1170-33T 1140-33T 1120-33T 1110-33T Recept 1101-33T 1151-33T 1171-33T 1141-33T 1121-33T 1111-33T spec-coax-3V3.gif 3V3 Plug 1100-23T 1150-23T 1170-23T 1140-23T 1120-23T 1120-32T Recept 1101-23T 1151-23T 1171-23T 1141-23T 1121-23T 1111-32T 7W2 Plug 1100-72T 1150-72T 1170-72T 1140-72T 1120-72T 1110-72T Recept 1101-72T 1151-72T 1171-72T 1141-72T 1121-72T 1111-72T 11W1 Plug 1100-11T 1150-11T 1170-11T 1140-11T 1120-11T 1110-11T Recept 1101-11T 1151-11T 1171-11T 1141-11T 1121-11T 1111-11T B 5W5 Plug 1100-55T 1150-55T 1170-55T 1140-55T 1120-55T 1110-55T Recept 1101-55T 1151-55T 1171-55T 1141-55T 1121-55T 1111-55T 13W3 Plug 1100-13T 1150-13T 1170-13T 1140-13T 1120-13T 1110-13T Recept 1101-13T 1151-13T 1171-13T 1141-13T 1121-13T 1111-13T 17W2 Plug 1100-12T 1150-12T 1170-12T 1140-12T 1120-12T 1110-12T Recept 1101-12T 1151-12T 1171-12T 1141-12T 1121-12T 1111-12T 21W1 Plug 1100-21T 1150-21T 1170-21T 1140-21T 1120-21T 1110-21T Recept 1101-21T 1151-21T 1171-21T 1141-21T 1121-21T 1111-21T C 8W8 Plug 1100-88T 1150-88T 1170-88T 1140-88T 1120-88T 1110-88T Recept 1101-88T 1151-88T 1171-88T 1141-88T 1121-88T 1111-88T 21W4 Plug 1100-24T 1150-24T 1170-24T 1140-24T 1120-24T 1110-24T Recept 1101-24T 1151-24T 1171-24T 1141-24T 1121-24T 1111-24T D 36W4 Plug 1100-34T 1150-34T 1170-34T 1140-34T 1120-34T 1110-34T Recept 1101-34T 1151-34T 1171-34T 1141-34T 1121-34T 1111-34T * The Housing Only Part Numbers includes Housing, and Preloaded Signal Contacts Only. * Coaxial Contacts w/ Ferrule or High Power Contacts are ordered seperately, see table below for Part Numbers. * Economic stamp pin type on signal contacts available. * Shell plating, Insulation color and gold on contact options are available. Contact Ho Chien for more info. ** Coax contacts included in set part numbers are for RG179 Cables. Contact Ho Chien for part number for other cables. Coaxial Contacts - Solder Cup Type No. Description Material Coments 1 Center Contact Brass 0.000015" Gold over 0.000050" min. Nickel 2 Outside Contact Brass 0.000015" Gold over 0.000050" min. Nickel 3 Insulator Teflon UL94V-O; White 4 Lock Link Copper Alloy Nickel Plated Ordering Part Number Includes Ferrules Type Part Number Dimensions (mm) RG Cable No. 50 ohm 75 ohm A B C Plug 1150-00-1 1170-00-1 2.50 1.80 3.20 179B/U 1150-00-2 1170-00-2 2.60 2.20 3.50 180B/U 1150-00-3 1170-00-3 4.80 1150-00-4 1170-00-4 3.80 3.10 4.60 58B/U 1150-00-5 1170-00-5 5.10 1150-00-6 1170-00-6 6.30 Recept 1151-10-1 1171-10-1 2.50 1.80 3.20 179B/U 1151-10-2 1171-10-2 2.60 2.20 3.50 180B/U 1151-10-3 1171-10-3 4.80 1151-10-4 1171-10-4 3.80 3.10 4.60 58B/U 1151-10-5 1171-10-5 5.10 1151-10-6 1171-10-6 6.30 High Power Contacts - Solder Cup Type For Ordering Individual Contacts Solder Type Part Number Dimensions (mm) Rating (Amps) Wire Size (AWG) Plug Contact Recept Contact A B C 40 # 8 1140-00 1141-10 4.6 5.5 5.5 20 # 12 1120-00 1121-10 2.7 3.6 5.0 10 # 16 1110-00 1111-10 1.7 2.5 4.5 For Ordering Individual Contacts Crimp Type Part Number Dimensions (mm) Rating (Amps) Wire Size (AWG) Plug Contact Recept Contact A B C 40 # 8 1A40-00 1A41-10 4.6 5.5 5.5 20 # 12 1A20-00 1A21-10 2.7 3.6 5.0 10 # 16 1A10-00 1A11-10 1.7 2.5 4.5

We sell RF Low Noise Amplifier

We sell RF Low Noise Amplifier for Satellite TV Receiver, RF LNA Amplifier for TV reception.

ITEM                            Package                       Magnification                  Mark

2SC3357                     SOT-89                             90-150                        RF     












2SC4226                     SOT-323                        90-140                           R24/R25
           

We sell semiconductor, Transistor, Integrated Circuit, Diode component

Item              Package      Magnification         Mark
MMBT3904          SOT-23        100-300                      1AM











MMBT3906         SOT-23          100-300                      2A

  











MMBT5401         SOT-23         100-300                     2L 
    











MMBT2222        SOT-23         100-300                      1P          








MMBTA42          SOT-23         100-200                     1D









MMBT2907       SOT-23          100-200                      2F