Zero Energy Device Example

“Free-Energy Devices” or “Zero-Point Energy Devices” are the names applied to systems which appear to produce a higher output power than their input power.  

There is a strong tendency for people to state that such a system is not possible since it contravenes the Law of Conservation of Energy.  It doesn’t.  If it did, and any such system was shown to work, then the “Law” would have to be modified to include the newly observed fact.  No such change is necessary, it merely depends on your point of view. 

For example, consider a crystal set radio receiver:

Fig 1 . Crystal Set

Looking at this in isolation, we appear to have a free-energy system which contradicts the Law of Conservation of Energy.  It doesn’t, of course, but if you do not view the whole picture, you see a device which has only passive components and yet which (when the coil is of the correct size) causes the headphones to generate vibrations which reproduce recognisable speech and music.  

This looks like a system which has no energy input and yet which produces an energy output.  Considered in isolation, this would be a serious problem for the Law of Conservation of Energy, but when examined from a common sense point of view, it is no problem at all.   


The whole picture is: 

Fig 2. Crystal Set whole Picture

Power is supplied to a nearby transmitter which generates radio waves which in turn, induce a small voltage in the aerial of the crystal set, which in turn, powers the headphones.  The power in the headphones is far, far less than the power taken to drive the transmitter.  

There is most definitely, no conflict with the Law of Conservation of Energy.  However, there is a quantity called the “Coefficient Of Performance” or “COP” for short.  This is defined as the amount of power coming out of a system, divided by the amount of power that the operator has to put into that system to make it work.  In the example above, while the efficiency of the crystal set radio is well below 100%, the COP is greater than 1.  

This is because the owner of the crystal radio set does not have to supply any power at all to make it work, and yet it outputs power in the form of sound.  As the input power from the user, needed to make it work is zero, and the COP value is calculated by dividing the output power by this zero input power, the COP is actually infinity. 

 Efficiency and COP are two different things.  Efficiency can never exceed 100% and almost never gets anywhere near 100% due to the losses suffered by any practical system. 

Reference :https://www.free-energy-info.com/

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Output Graph

Nonresonant single-wire longwire antennas

The resonant longwire antenna is a standing wave antenna, because it is unterminated at the far end. A signal propagating from the feedpoint, toward the open end, will be reflected back toward the source when it hits the open end. The interference between the forward and reflected waves sets up stationary standing current and voltage waves along the wire.

A nonresonant longwire is terminated at the far end in a resistance equal to its characteristic impedance. Thus, the incident waves are absorbed by the resistor, rather than being reflected. Such an antenna is called a traveling wave antenna. Figure 9-8 shows a terminated longwire antenna. 

The transmitter end is like the feed system for  other longwire antennas, but the far end is grounded through a terminating resistor R1 that has a resistance R equal to the characteristic impedance Zo of the antenna (i.e., R = Zo). When the wire is 20 to 30 ft above the ground, Zo is about 500 to 600 Ω.

The radiation pattern for the terminated longwire is a unidirectional version of the multilobed pattern found on the unterminated longwires. The angles of the lobes vary with frequency, even though the pattern remains unidirectional. 

The directivity of the antenna is partially specified by the angles of the main lobes. It is interesting to note that gain rises almost linearly with nλ, while the directivity function changes rapidly at shorter lengths (above three or four wavelengths the rate of change diminishes considerably). 

Thus, when an antenna is cut for a certain low frequency, it will work at higher frequencies, but the directivity characteristic will be different at each end of the spectrum of interest.

A two-wavelength (2λ) pattern is shown in Fig. 9-7. There are four major lobes positioned at angles of ±36° from the longwire. There are also four minor lobes— the strongest of which is –5 dB down from the major lobes—at angles of ±75° from the longwire. Between all of the lobes, there are sharp nulls in which little reception is possible. 

As the wire length is made longer, the angle of the main lobes pulls in tighter (i.e., toward the wire). As the lobes pull in closer to the wire, the number of minor lobes increases. At 5λ, there are still four main lobes, but they are at angles of ±22°from the wire. Also, the number of minor lobes increases to 16. 

The minor lobes are located at ±47°, ±62°, ±72°, and ±83° with respect to the wire. The minor lobes tend to be –5 to –10 dB below the major lobes. When the longwire gets very much longer than 5λ, the four main lobes begin to converge along the length of the wire, and the antenna becomes bidirectional. This effect occurs at physical lengths greater than about 20λ.

In general, the following rules apply to longwire antennas:

• On each side of the antenna, there is at least one lobe, minor or major, for each half-wavelength of the wire element. For the overall element, there is one lobe for every quarter-wavelength.

• If there are an even number of lobes on either side of the antenna wire, then half of the total number of lobes are tilted backward, and half are tilted forward; symmetry is maintained.

• If there are an odd number of lobes on either side of the wire, then one lobe on either side will be perpendicular to the wire, with the other lobes distributed either side of the perpendicular lobe.

(source : Practical Antenna Handbook by Joseph J. Carr)

True longwire antennas

Figure 9-5 shows the true resonant longwire antenna. It is a horizontal antenna, and if properly installed, it is not simply attached to a convenient support (as is true with the random length antenna). Rather, the longwire is installed horizontally like a dipole. The ends are supported (dipole-like) from standard end insulators and rope.

The feedpoint of the longwire is one end, so we expect to see a voltage antinode where the feeder is attached. For this reason we do not use coaxial cable, but rather either parallel transmission line (also sometimes called open-air line or some such name), or 450-Ωtwin lead. The transmission line is excited from any of several types of balanced antenna tuning unit (see Fig. 9-5). Alternatively, a standard antenna tuning unit (designed for coaxial cable) can be used if a 4:1 balun transformer is used between the output of the tuner and the input of the feedline. What does “many wavelengths” mean? That depends upon just what you want the antenna to do. Figure 9-6 shows a fact about the longwire that excites many users of longwires: It has gain! Although a two-wavelength antenna only has a slight gain over a dipole; the longer the antenna, the greater the gain. In fact, it is possible to obtain gain figures greater than a three-element beam using a longwire, but only at nine or ten wavelengths.

What does this mean? One wavelength is 984/FMHz ft, so at 10 m (29 MHz) one wavelength is about 34 ft; at 75 m (3.8 MHz) one wavelength is 259 ft long. In order to meet the two-wavelength criterion a 10-m antenna need only be 68 ft long, while a 75-m antenna would be 518 ft long! For a ten-wavelength antenna, therefore, we would need 340 ft for 10 m; and for 75 m, we would need nearly 2,600 ft. Ah me, now you see why the longwire is not more popular. The physical length of a nonterminated resonant longwire is on the order of

Of course, there are always people like my buddy (now deceased) John Thorne, K4NFU. He lived near Austin, TX on a multiacre farmette that has a 1400ft property line along one side. John installed a 1300 ft longwire and found it worked excitingly well. He fed the thing with homebrew 450-Ω parallel (open-air) line and a Matchbox antenna tuner. John’s longwire had an extremely low angle of radiation, so he regularly (much to my chagrin on my small suburban lot) worked ZL, VK, and other Southeast Asia and Pacific basin DX, with only 100 W from a Kenwood transceiver.

Oddly enough, John also found a little bitty problem with the longwire that textbooks and articles rarely mention: electrostatic fields build up a high-voltage dc charge on longwire antennas! Thunderstorms as far as 20 mi away produce serious levels of electrostatic fields, and those fields can cause a buildup of electrical charge on the antenna conductor. The electric charge can cause damage to the receiver. John solved the problem by using a resistor at one end to ground. The “resistor” is composed of ten to twenty 10-MΩ resistors at 2 W each. This resistor bleeds off the charge, preventing damage to the receiver.

A common misconception about longwire antennas concerns the normal radiation pattern of these antennas. I have heard amateurs, on the air, claim that the maximum radiation for the longwire is

1. Broadside (i.e., 90°) with respect to the wire run or
2. In line with the wire run

Neither is correct, although ordinary intuition would seem to indicate one or the other. Figure 9-7 shows the approximate radiation pattern of a longwire when viewed from above. There are four main lobes of radiation from the longwire (A, B, C, and D). There are also two or more (in some cases many) minor lobes (E and F) in the antenna pattern. The radiation angle with respect to the wire run (G–H) is a function of the number of wavelengths found along the wire. Also, the number and extent of the minor lobes is also a function of the length of the wire.