TUP, TUN, DUG, DUS

TUP is Transistor Universal PNP, TUN is Transistor Universal NPN, DUG is Diode Universal Germanium and DUS Diode Universal Silicon , are standard components that most retailers have in stock and have minimum specification that use as general purpose diode and low frequencies transistor with different type numbers and have similar specification.








Crystal Tester Circuit


The circuit is use for test Quartz Crystal from 1 MHz to 50 MHz, if the crystal X1 good enough, sinewave will appears on Emiter T1 BF494 , and rectified by D2 IN4148 , drive D1 IN4148 and will charge Capacitor C4 until enough voltage to turn on Transistor BC547 and make the LED 1 on. This circuit using 9 V battery for enough consumption , below is PCB you can design . ( Source : Elektor Summer circuit)