- Beverage Antenna, Single Wire Single Direction Beverage Antenna.
- Classic Beverage Antenna, Build This Beverage Antenna for 160 meter.
- Beverage Antennas, For effective receiving and transmitting Amateur Communications Up to 30 MHz.
- Beverage Antenna Arrays, Brief Description for Beverage Antenna Design.
- Impedance Matching, Impedance Matching for Beverage Antenna Receiver.
- Two Wire Beverage,Two Wire Beverage for RX Antenna.
- Beverage Antennas for 80 and 160 meters, It's simple to build and inexpensive.
Beverage Antenna
HDTV Antenna
- Cheap HDTV Antenna, Build This Cheap Yagi Antenna for Your HDTV.
- Fractal Antenna, Build Cheap Fractal Antenna for HDTV/DTV.
- DB8 HDTV Antenna, Up To 60 Miles Good Reception for HDTV.
- Choosing & Installing Antenna for HDTV, Description for Choosing HDTV Antenna.
Wire Gauge Tabel
Standard VS American Wire Gauge
| SWG | Diameter (inch) | Nearest AWG |
| 12 | 0.104 | 10 |
| 14 | 0.08 | 12 |
| 16 | 0.064 | 14 |
| 18 | 0.048 | 16 |
| 20 | 0.036 | 19 |
| 22 | 0.028 | 21 |
| 24 | 0.022 | 23 |
| 26 | 0.018 | 25 |
| 28 | 0.148 | 27 |
| 30 | 0.0124 | 28 |
| 32 | 0.0108 | 29 |
| 34 | 0.0092 | 31 |
| 36 | 0.0076 | 32 |
| 38 | 0.006 | 34 |
| 40 | 0.0048 | 36 |
| 42 | 0.004 | 38 |
| 44 | 0.0032 | 40 |
| 46 | 0.0024 | -- |
Standard vs American Wire Gauge.
Short Wave Antenna
- Short Wave Antenna Technology, Short Wave Antenna from Thomson.
- Simple and Multiband Shortwave Antenna, Build This Simple Multiband ShortWave Antenna, generally can used for Outdoors or Indoors.
- Shortwave Antenna,An Attic Coaxial Dipole for 10 to 80 Meters.
LW Antenna
- Noise Reducing Antenna for MW and LW, Noise reducing Antenna or Interference Reducing Antennas by Denzil Wraight.
- Wire Antenna , Wire Antenna for 6 Meter SSB/CW.
Long wave band, medium wave band, short wave band commonly used long wire as antennas . A long wire antenna is one that is long compared to a wavelength . A minimum length is one-half wave- length. However, antennas that are at least several wavelengths long are needed to obtain good gain and directional characteristics. Constructing long wire antennas is simple, and there are no critical dimensions or adjustments. A long wire antenna will accept power
and radiate it well on any frequency for which its overall length is not less than one-half wavelength.
 |
| Long wave Antenna construction design |
The gain and take-off angle of a long wire antenna depend on the antenna's length. The longer the antenna, the more gain, and the lower the take-off angle. Gain has a simple relationship to length; however, take-off angle is a bit more complicated. A long wire antenna radiates a cone of energy around the tie wire, much like a funnel with the antenna wire passing through the funnel opening. The narrow part of the funnel would be the feed point, and the open part would be toward the distant station. If the funnel were cut in half, the resulting half cone would represent the pattern of the antenna. As the antenna is lengthened, the cone of radiation (funnel) moves closer and closer to the wire.
 |
| Long wave antenna radiation pattern |
changes as the wire is lengthened. The patterns represent a view from directly below the antenna.
In the three-wavelength pattern, for very low-angle radiation, posi- tion the wire somewhat away from the direction of the distant sta- tion so that the main lobe
of radiation points at the receiving station. If a higher take-off angle is required, point the wire directly at the distant station.
 |
| LW Antenna Off Axis Angle Table |
For take-off angles from 5 to 25 feet, the following general off-axis angles will provide satisfactory radiation on toward the distant station To make a long wire antenna directional, place a terminating device at the distant station end of the antenna. The terminating device should be a 600-ohm, noninductive resistor capable of absorbing at least one-half of the transmitter power. Terminating resistors are components of some radio sets but can also be fabricated locally using supply system components (100-watt, 106-ohm resistor).
Constructing a long wire antenna requires only wire, support poles, insulators, and a terminating resistor (if directionality is desired). The only requirement is that the antenna be strung in as straight a line as the situation permits. The antenna is only 15 to 20 feet above ground, so tall support structures are not required.
The antenna is normally fed through a coupler that can match the antenna's 600- ohm impedance. Coaxial cable can be used if a 12 to 1 balun is available to convert the coaxial cable 50-ohm impedance to the required 600 ohms. Vertical radiation plots of this antenna are not presented because of the great variation in the pattern as the length changes. For take-off angles between 5 and 25 feet, use the off-axis graph as shows in table and the gain versus length graph to determine the proper antenna length.
 |
| LW Antenna Gain versus Length |
Characteristics LW Antenna are—
Frequency range: 2 to 30 MHz
Polarization: Vertical
Power capability: 1 ,000 watts
Radiation pattern Azimuthal (bearing): Bidirectional with terminating resistor
Vertical (take-off angle): Depends on length
TV Antenna
TV Transmitter :
- TV Antenna Guide, A Brief of TV Antenna TV Transmitter Planning Guide from Dielectric Communications.
Antenna Fundamental
- Antenna Basic, Antenna Fundamental from QSL.Net
- HORN Antennas, Electromagnetic Horn Antennas by Paul Wade N1BWT.
- Metal Plate Lens Antennas, Switch the Horn With Lens for the same Gain.
UHF Antenna
- VHF/UHF Guidelines Antenna, This document describe how to design VHF/UHF Antenna.
- VHF/UHF Quad Antenna, Quad Antenna by Ray Frost.
Antenna Software
These software's, I link to http://www.iw5edi.com/ A Ham Radio Operator from Florence.
- Antenna Maker's, A freeware dos program from John Agreulis, still actual.
- Cobracom - Waveguide, Oscilloscope, Realtime Spectrum Analyzer, Signal Generator for Windows Application.
- Yagi Designer, Yagi Designer 2.0 Program Running in Windows.
- Quad Calculator, Calculator for Antenna CB in JavaScript.
- Amateur Vertical Length Calculator, Find Vertical Height of Antenna with this Calculator.
- Log Periodic Antenna Design, This Java Applets Calculates dimension and spacings of elements of antenna.
- Delta Loop Antenna Calculator, Fill in your antenna frequency and elements, let's the and see how your antenna looks like.
- Antenna Modeling Software, from Dan Maguire, AC6LA
- Antenna Design , MEI's Antenna Design Freeware
- Antenna Software, From sss-mag
- J-Pole Antenna, Design your J-Pole Antenna in any Band.
- NEC based Antenna Modeler and Optimizer, 4nec2 is free windows based tools for creating, viewing, optimizing, and checking 2D and 3D style antenna Geometry Structures.
- ASAP, Antenna Scatterers Analysis Program.
Horn USB Antenna Design, Design your 802.11b Wi-Fi with this calculator.- 3 Element Yagi Antenna, 3 Element Yagi Antenna Javascript Calculator.
- Coax Cable Loss / Antenna Gain Calculator, Calculate SWR, Matched, and Total Loss of Coaxial Cable.
- Quadrifilar Antenna, Build Quadrifilar helix antennas with this Calculator (Spanish Languange).
- HF Beam Calculator, 2 and 3 Element Yagi Antenna Calculator.
- Microwave Antenna Design Calculator, Register Yourname and E-mail, Get Free Microwave Antenna Calculator.
- QAntenna, Antenna Analyzer for Linux User.
- Yagi Antenna Design, Yagi Antenna Design on Your Computer.
Build DIY Dual Stacked 300 MHz- 3000 MHz WideBand Yagi TV Antenna, GSM and WIFI Antenna
This Dual Stacked Yagi Antenna can be used for UHF, GSM, WiFi Band from 300 MHz-3000 MHz. The design was done using Yagi Antenna Calculator ANSOF software, you can download ANSOF trial version for free and also for the paid version, which calculated the length , diameter, and spacing of the materials (elements and boom) used in the construction.
The Identical Yagi Antennas were stacked (1020 mm center to center spacing) vertically leading to an increase in gain of 15.4 dB when compared with 12.7 dB gain obtainable from a single Yagi antenna and larger capture area (effective aperture).
This research are written by J.llonno, M. Awoji, J.E Onuh from Physics Department, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria and Physics Department, Kwararafa University, Wukari, Tarabe state, Nigeria
This design was able to solve the problems of underground noise, interference, low picture quality, low gain, and large beamwidth associatedwith a single Yagi antenna. This antenna can be used for VHF,UHF,GSM, Wi-Fi Band (300–3000 MHz) applications.
Yagi antenna is an example of a resonant directional antenna consisting of driven elements (active components) and parasitic elements (passive components).
An antenna is an arrangement of electrical conductors designed as transceivers of radio waves (Carr, 2001; Volakis, 2007). Antennas convert Radio Frequency (RF) electrical currents into ElectroMagnetic (EM) waves that generate a radiating electromagnetic field.
The driven elements are connected directly to the transmission line (coaxial cable) and receive power from the source. Whereas, the parasitic elements are not connected to the transmission line and receive energy only through mutual induction. Theparasitic elements (directors and reflectors) modify the radiation pattern of the radio waves emitted by the driven element and direct them in a narrow beam in one direction and are arranged parallel to the driven elements.
The reflector is usually longer than the driven element by 5% and acts as a concave mirror because it reflects the electromagnetic energy incident on it from the driven elements. The director is shorter than the driven element by 5% and acts as a convex mirror as it beams up the incident energy from driven element
(Milligan, 2005).
Antenna gain is the measure of the ability of antenna arrays to concentrate the radiated power in a given direction. High-gain antenna radiates energy in a particular direction whereaslow-gain antenna radiates energy in all directions equally. Gain is described using terms suc has antenna gain, power gain, directivity or directive gain. The antenna gain of the Yagi antenna isgreatly dependent on the dipole gain and the number of elements; and is given by (Ochalaand Okeme, 2011):
G = 1.66 N (1)
where 1.66 is the dipole gain and N is the number of elements
When Yagi antennas are stacked, there is an increase in gain and a decrease in the beam-width. The increased gain is due to the reduction in beam-width.
There are two types of stacking namely; vertical stacking and horizontal stacking (Blake, 1996; Balanis, 2005, 2008). Stacking two identical antennas on a common vertical mast as seen in Figure 2 significantly narrows the vertical beam-width angle.
That is, vertically stacked antennas effectively reject those interfering signals arriving from above or below their horizontal plane than that of a single antenna. In this process, gain increases with about 2.5 dB over that of a single antenna (Straw, 2000).
While stacking two identical Yagi antennas side by side in a horizontal plane significantly narrows the horizontal beam-width angle. That is, the antenna combination “sees” fewer interfering signals arriving from the sides while its vision up and down (in a vertical plane) is virtually unaffected. In this process, gain increases approximately 1.2 dB over that of a single antenna (Straw, 2000).
The stacking distance can be calculated using Equation 2 (Milligan, 2005).
S = 57/BW (2)
where S is the stacking distance and BW is the Beam-Width angle
This research work is carried out to solve the problems of underground noise, interference, picture quality, low gain, and large beam-width associated with a single Yagi antenna by stacking two identical Yagi antennas. Vertical stacking was used in the implementation because of the higher gain and greater coverage area.
Materials and Methods
Materials The materials used are:
1. Aluminum Boom
2. Screw nails
3. Elements
4. Coaxial cable (75 Ω)
5. Plastic insulators
6. Tape
7. Drilling machine
8. Hacksaw
9. Mast or pole for mounting of the antenna
Methods Design of Yagi Antenna An online Yagi antenna calculator (AN-SOF Antenna Simutor) was used for the simulation with design frequency of 889 MHz. The Yagi antenna designed has 8 elements: a reflector, a driven element, and 6 directors with dimensions shown in Table 2
Design Implementation The antenna was constructed using aluminum rods for antenna elements, 2cm-squared metal rodas boom, hacksaw for cutting the materials, gimlet for drilling holes, screw nails for fastening theelements to the boom, measuring tape, welding machine, 75-ohm coaxial cable as transmissionline and feeders to house the terminals of the folded dipoles.
The elements were first measured as stated in Table 2. Holes were drilled at the midpoints of the aluminum rods and boom constructed. A reflectorunit and six directors were cut out. Holes were drilled on them and the directors were screwed into their appropriate positions.
Plastic insulators were used to insulate the directors form the supporting boom.The folded dipole (driven element) was constructed by folding aluminium rod on a bending jig to obtain the folded dipole.A junction box was used to support the folded dipole on the boom.
Openings were made on the side of the junction box using a drilling machine to allow fitting of the dipole and the coaxial cable. The feeder was fixed to the director boom with screw nails and the terminal of the folded dipole was then fixed to the inside of the feeder.
With the feeder and folded dipole in place, the reflector and director units were fixed.The relative spacing between elements for optimal reception was determined as follows as shown in Table 3.The antenna was duplicated and were stacked vertically at 1020 mm. Table below shows Length of rodrequired to produce resonant dipole
Approximately one wavelength spacing (at lowest channel frequency) between antennas was maintained.
Finally, the folded dipoles were connected together by means ofa coaxial cable which serves as the transmission line. Table below shows Simulation Result.
Table below shows Normalised Spacing betwen Elements
Table below shows Single and Stacked Yagi Results compared
The results of this finding have shown that dualstacked Yagi antenna offers high gain compared with single Yagi antenna in operation covering channels in VHF, UHF,GSM, and Wi-Fi bands. This design when properly matched to a feeder cable can solve the problems of underground noise, interference, low picture quality, low gain,
and large beam-width posed by single Yagi antenna.
Wi-fi Antenna
- Cantenna : The Wireless Network Antenna
- Parabolic 2.4GHz Antenna, Build Parabolic 2.4 GHz Wokbolic Antenna.
- Cantenna Yagi Directional, Build original design of Pringles cantenna Yagi for 802.11b wireless application by Andrew S. Clapp.
- Build This Tin Reflector Antenna, Works with PDA, USB, Access Point/Bridges
- Directional BiQuad Antenna,11dBi Gain BiQuad with strength until 5 Miles.
- Build Cookie Antenna with Up To 15dBi Gain, Build this directional antenna out of commonly available parts that can be purchased in most grocery and hardware stores.
- 10 Up To 26 Miles Parabolic Dish 2.4 GHz Antenna, Build this 22dBi Antenna for range 26 Miles.
- Carboard Horn With Range Up To 9.5 km, Very Simple and Easy to Construct.
- Poor's Man Wi-Fi Antenna, Get 12-15dBi Gain Parabolic Wi-Fi Antenna.
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