315/433Mhz RF Link Kit

315/433Mhz RF Link Kit - The 315/433MHz RF link kit is consisted of transmitter and receiver, popular used for remote control. It will be easy to use this kit to transmit data via RF With the suggestArduino VirtualWire library

MX-05V models
Operating voltage : DC5V Quiescent Current: 4MA
Receiving frequency: 433.92MHZ /315 Mhz
Receiving sensitivity: - 105dB
Size : 30 * 14 * 7mm external antenna: 32CM single core wire, wound into a spiral
Technical parameters emission head
Model: MX-FS-03V
Transmission Distance: 20 -200 meters (different voltage, different effects) Operating voltage: 3.5-12V Dimensions: 19*19mm
Ways of working: AM transfer rate: 4KB/S transmit power: 10mW
Transmission frequency: 433M
External antenna: 25cm ordinary multi-core or single wire
Pinout left right :( the DATA ; the VCC ; the GND )
Application Environment
Remote control switch, receiving module, motorcycle, automobile anti-theft products, home security products, electric doors, shutter doors, windows, remote control 
socket, remote control LED, remote audio, remote control electric doors, garage door remote control, remote control retractable doors, remote control gate volume, 
pan doors, remote control door opener, and other closed door control system, remote control curtains, alarm host, alarm, remote controlled motorcycles, electric remote control cars, remote control MP3 and so on.
Optional accessories
With the company supporting the use of remote control products.
Remark
VCC voltage to be consistent with the module voltage, and to do the power filter;
antenna reception module great influence, then the best 1/4 wavelength antenna, generally use 50 ohm single-core wire, length of the antenna 433M ca. is 17cm ;
antenna position also on reception module, install the antenna stretched as far as possible, away from the shield, high pressure, and local sources of interference ; 
reception frequency use, decoding and oscillation resistance 

Hardware & Program Setting

With Arduino, you can setting the hardware and program this board 

Antenna Bazooka 27 MHz

Antenna double bazooka 27mhz cable stretch rg58(5,24M) and to 11M radio, total 16.24M cable is suitable for 11 meter band radio
Very suitable for narrow or inadequate land, can be in the form of horizontal, vertical, inverted letter V and letter L
see the picture for the inverted V bazooka antenna installation

DIY miniature antenna booster

When using a good antenna amplifier for the UHF range, programs can be received from television stations which, without a preamplifier, only deliver a very noisy "snow field". The antenna amplifier described here is very simple. It can because of its small dimensions directly in the junction box of Antenna to be accommodated. The small coupling capacitance in the input protects the transistor from overvoltages that may occur during a thunderstorm. The built-in resonant circuit in the collector branch can be tuned to any frequency between 470 and 790 MHz.

Because of the extremely low retroactive effect  of this transistor is the amplifier stronger very stable, even with poor matching of the input and output. The bandwidth of the circuit is about 15 to 40 MHz.

reference : Elektor Electronics

DIY Microwave Antenna Horn Applications with Food or Coffee Can

Looking for a highly effective microwave horn antenna? Look no farther than your pantry! Food cans (empty, of course) can be just the right size to give you lots of gain-just watch out how much YOU gain by emptying the cans! 

You can turn a coffee can into a quick and simple horn antenna with 8.5 dBi gain for 1296 MHz. Its bandwidth is very broad and this horn can be used as is from 1100 MHz to 1500 MHz. It works great in SSB, CW, FM, ATV, satellite, and even SET1 (Search for Extra-Terrestrial , Intelligence) applications. Take an empty 3-pound coffee can and drill a hole for the coax connection along the solder seam 4 l/2 inches from the bot- tom (see Figure 1 for other dimensions). Now mount a Type "N," BNC, or SMA connector in your hole. Inside, solder the probe to the coax connector (the probe is the actual antenna element, generally cut to l/4-wavelength at your proposed operating frequency). You want the probe to be sort of thick; #16 copper wire, I/~-inch copper or brass tubing, and ll4-inch-wide strips of .032-inch sheet brass have all been used and have all worked well. 

One is good, so two is better, right? Yep, in this case. The probe is pretty close to the opening of the 3-pound coffee can, 

adding a second 3 pound coffee can will improve the gain from 8.5 to 10.5 dBi (see Figure 2). Just cut the bottom out of the can (I'll assume the top has already been removed and the contents have already been consumed), so you just have a steel tube. Attach the second can to the first and extend the horn. You don't have to com- pletely solder the gap between the cans. I've found 

that a couple of spot solder points work fine. I've also used that alu- minum wallboard tape with good results, and have even used duct tape once or twice. 

The super glues I tried didn't work well at all. Now, I know exactly what you're thinking (I tried it over 15 years ago). If one can is good, and two are better, 

let's go for three! Without going into wave- guide theory, I can tell you that it won't work. When I tried using three cans, overall gain dropped to only 7 dBi. 

I have taped these to poles and stuck them up in the air for "rover" contacts. I nailed one to a rafter in my roof, pointed it at a local 1200-MHz repeater and 

used it for several years. And a dozen years ago, WSDBY in Ft. Worth, Texas, worked a station near Miami, Florida, on 1296-MHz SSB. For many years, 

this 1,100-mile QSO was the U.S. 1296-MHz tropo record. And yes, WSDBY was using a 3-pound coffee can duct taped to his tribander for this record QSO.

What is Horn Antenna : Working & Its Applications

What is Horn Antenna : Working & Its Applications

 - A Horn antenna is a type of aperture antenna which is specially designed for microwave frequencies. The end of the antenna is widened or in the horn shape. Because of this structure, there is larger directivity so that the emitted signal can be easily transmitted to long distances. Horn antennas operate in microwave frequency, so the frequency range of these antennas is super high or ultra-high which ranges from 300 MHz – 30 GHz.The energy of the beam when slowly transform into radiation, the losses are reduced and the focussing of the beam improves. A Horn antenna may be considered as a flared out wave guide, by which the directivity is improved and the diffraction is reduced. One of the first horn antennas was constructed in 1897 by Bengali-Indian radio researcher Jagadish Chandra Bose in his pioneering experiments with microwaves. The modern horn antenna was invented independently in 1938 by Wilmer Barrow and G. C. Southworth. This Horn model antenna is suitable employed in the UHF or SHF radio bands. Making this horn model antenna it will be easy for a beginner to make if it works in the 10GHz frequency, because small dimensions so it is not so difficult and also offers gain up to 25dBi.

The horn model antenna is usually fed (fed point) using waveguide. The propagation waveguide uses TE10 mode and works in normal frequency range. This means that the electric field (E) passes through the guide which has short dimensions and passes through a wide magnetic field (H). The terminology of E-plane and H-plane is as shown in the image below. There are many types of horn antennas, if the waveguide extends towards the H-plane it is called a sectoral H-plane. Similarly, if the waveguide is in the direction of the E-plane it is called a sectoral E-plan. If the waveguide is both plans it is called a pyramidal Horn antenna.

Pyramidal Horn Antenna with dimensional Parameters : (a) Overall Geometry; (b) Cross-section through xz-plane (H-Plane_ ; (c) Cross-section through yz-plane (E-Plane)

An illustration of a funnel antenna as shown in the image below. Long the center of the funnel to the center of the front of the funnel is denoted as L, and The length of the hypotenuse of the funnel is denoted L'. The difference between L and L' is of . This causes a phase difference in the electromagnetic field which through the aperture. This phase difference is allowed in the E-plan and H-plane. For the E-plane funnel the field intensity is fairly constant throughout the aperture. 

For Horn H-plane terrain will be tapered. As a result the phase difference at the edge of the aperture the E-plane the horn  is more critical and the phase difference should be less than 90 degree (1/4 lambda). In the H-plane  the horn allowable phase difference is 144 degree (0.4 lambda). If the aperture in the pyramidal funnel i.e. E-plane and H-plane exceeds one wavelength then the pattern becomes independent and can be analyzed separately.

Horn Antenna Gain

Horns have very little loss, so the directivity of a horn is roughly equal to its gain. The gain G of a pyramidal horn antenna (the ratio of the radiated power intensity along its beam axis to the intensity of an isotropic antenna with the same input power) is:

For conical horns, the gain is :

Where

A is the area of the aperture,

d is the aperture diameter of a conical horn

λ is the wavelength,

eA is a dimensionless parameter between 0 and 1 called the aperture efficiency,

The aperture efficiency ranges from 0.4 to 0.8 in practical horn antennas. For optimum pyramidal horns, eA = 0.511., while for optimum conical horns eA = 0.522. So an approximate figure of 0.5 is often used. The aperture efficiency increases with the length of the horn, and for aperture-limited horns is approximately unity

Horn Antenna Frequency Range

The operational frequency range of a horn antenna is around 300MHz to 30GHz. This antenna works in UHF and SHF frequency ranges.

Horn Antenna Radiation Pattern 

Radion patterns of pyramidal horn antenna (a) H-plane and (b) E-plane

The radiation pattern of a horn antenna is a Spherical Wave front. The following figure shows the radiation pattern of horn antenna. The wave radiates from the

aperture, minimizing the diffraction of waves. The flaring keeps the beam focussed. The radiated beam has high directivity.

Horn Antenna Design Example 

10GHz pyramidal horn antenna with approx. 18dBi visible gain like the picture below  The first parameter in planning the antenna are the gain and maximum antenna  size. These two things of course are related to each other, and can be estimated as follows.

L = H-plane length (λ) = 0.0654 × gain (Eq 1)

A = H-plane aperture (λ) = 0.0443 × gain (Eq 2)

B = E-plane aperture (λ) = 0.81 A (Eq 3)

Where :

Gain is expressed as a ratio, 20 dBi gain = 100 L, A and B are dimensions shown in Figure above. From the above equation for the dimensions of the antenna which has a gain 20dBi is a funnel that works in the 10.368GHz frequency. one length the band of 10.368GHz  is 1.138 inches. Length (L) of the funnel is 0.0654 x 100 = 6.54 lambda. At 10.368GHz. Appropriate aperture for the H-plan (A) horn is 4.43 lamda or 5.04 inches,  and the E-plan aperture is (B) 4.08 inches.

The easiest way to make such a horn antenna is to prepare the side pieces and solder them together. With Thus, the antenna material is made of metal that is easy  to solder. 

It is not recommended to use aluminum material, because it is difficult to manufacture. The dimensions of the triangular pieces are shown in Figure above.

Notice that the pieces of the triangle are trimmed at the ends of the which is tapered to fit the aperture of the waveguide (0.9 x 0.4 inch). This make the length 

from the base to the apex of the small triangle ( side B) shorter compared to side (A). Also note that the length S of the two sides different funnels must be the 

same in order to be assembled together. Need care must be taken in assembling this funnel antenna. The dimensions of the sides can be calculated by simple geometric math. But it will be easier if you make a pattern first on cardboard. From pattern cut and made an artificial funnel antenna first to make sure everything fits and  can be assembled together before cutting sheets of antenna material such as brass or copper.

Cut 2 pieces of cardboard for side A and side B and glue them together , in the form of a funnel. After that prepare a new sheet and cut 5.04 x 4.08 inches and 

punch a hole in the center to a size of 0.9 x 0.4 inches for the waveguide. If these dimensions are correct, use this cardboard pattern to mark or draw a pattern 

on a sheet of antenna material that actually. Cut the sheet of brass/copper antenna material carefully, because cutting errors will be fatal and you will lose

antenna material because it must be wasted. The next step is to put the parts together side by soldering. Remember the soldering part is the outside connection. 

Because if the part in the connection will affect its RF radiation and can reduce the gain of the funnel antenna.

reference :

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/antenna_theory/antenna_theory_horn.htm#

https://sumberbelajar.seamolec.org/Media/Dokumen/596d76fe7f8b9a142fbae076/fb4e1a320bd228a27bbec7db6d9cb2c1.pdf

https://archive.org/details/antennasfromtheo0000huan/page/174/mode/2up?view=theater

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_antenna