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op-amp introduction
The Operational Amplifier or OP-AMP is a high performance linear amplifier with an amazing variety of uses. The OP-AMP has two inputs, inverting(-) and Non-Inverting(+), and one output . The Polarity of a signal applied to the inverting input is reversed at the output. A Signal applied to the Non-Inverting input retains its polarity at the output.
The Gain (Degree of amplification) of an OP-AMP os determined by a feedback resistor that feeds . some of the amplified signal from the output to the inverting input, This reduces the amplitude of the output signal, hence the Gain. The smaller the resistor, the lower the Gain.
The Gaun is independent of the supply voltage. Note that the unused input is grounded. Therefore the OP-AMP amplifies the difference between the Input (Vin) and Ground (0 Volts). The OP-AMP is then a differential amplifier.
The feedback resistor (Rf) and an OP-AMP form a closed feedback loop, when Rf is omitted, the OP-AMP os said to be in its open loop mode. The OP-AMP then exhibits maximum Gain, buit its output then swings from full on to full off or vice versa for very small changes in input voltage. Therefore the open loop mode is not practical for linear amplification. Instead this mode is used to indicate when the voltage at one input differs from that at the other, In this mode the OP-AMP is called a comparator since it compares one input voltage with other.
7 Best RV Cellular Boosters for 2023
Here are the best RV cellular boosters to keep you connected on the road.
"A cellular booster is a necessary addition for some RVs."
This is especially true for those of us who travel to locations that don’t have good cellular service.
Jennifer and I run our website, YouTube channel, Podcast, and eBook business from the road and so we need reliable access to the internet. Other RVers need it to remain in contact with family and friends back home and their jobs, too, in this age of the remote workforce.
What is an RV Cellular Booster?
A cellular booster is a device used to enhance the cellular signal of your mobile hotspot, tablet, smartphone, or cellular embedded router. It works by using an antenna that’s better located and more powerful than the one present in your cellular devices.
Using one will help create a stronger signal inside your RV. The stronger signal can provide a more stable internet connection, faster data speeds, improved battery life, and fewer dropped calls.
If you plan to work remotely from an RV, a cellular booster is probably a must. It is for us!
I’ve done lots of stories and videos through the years on cellular boosters.
CLICK HERE FOR A YOUTUBE PLAYLIST OF SOME OF THE VIDEOS WE’VE DONE ON RV CELLULAR BOOSTERS.
And below is a video that shows how a cellular booster can be installed in an RV and what improvements it makes.
7 Best RV Cellular Boosters
There are many RV cellular boosters available, so how do you know which one to choose? We’ve created a list of what we think are the best RV cellular boosters available, in no particular order:
WEBOOST DRIVE X RV
Those who are big into remote working from their RV have heard of weBoost before. This company is a pioneer in the RV cellular boosters market. They were among the first to create these devices and continue to release quality products today.
The Drive X RV is the latest RV-specific version, and it is a broadband device, which means it will work for all cellular signals. We love this model because it’s not carrier-specific and really does an amazing job at boosting the signal.
This device has features that include 5G capabilities, it operates even when moving, has a solid, reliable antenna, and can be used with any cellular provider.
The weBoost Drive X RV is usually priced around $499.
CEL-FI GO X
The Cel-Fi Go X is another great option. But it is expensive. VERY expensive.
It’s a single carrier booster that features industry-leading 100dB gain, and it’s compatible with T-Mobile, Verizon, and AT&T.
The most significant advantage that this device has over others is that it’s not limited to the 70dB gain by the FCC like others on the market. It boosts by 100 db.
However, one of the downfalls is that it can only be used to boost one network at a time. So, if you have additional users on multiple networks, you’ll need more than one device.
You can install this signal booster inside or out, as it is NEMA 4 weather resistant and works in many applications, including RVs, homes, outdoors, hospitals, etc. In fact, most often this booster is used indoors, in remote homes, in office buildings, and in business settings.
But, yes, it can be used in an RV and if your connectivity is so critical that you must have only the best, then dig deep into your wallet and get this one.
Another thing that makes this a good option is that it’s easy to monitor and optimize through the use of the dedicated app called Cel-Fi WAVE.
While many would agree that this product works well, we think it is priced too steep for most RVers, around $999.
SURECALL FUSION2GO 3.0 RV
If you are looking for a smaller solution that’s not a large booster box or bulky antenna, then this is a great option.
The SureCall Fusion2Go 3.0 RV is a compact booster that supports multiple users at one time. So, unlike the Cel-Fi model above, you only need one for as many people as you want.
Like the weBoost Drive X, this RV cellular booster works with all the latest smartphone technologies. We like the Fusion2Go because it’s smaller than usual, 5G compatible, and since the antenna is also smaller, it reduces the risk of it getting broken.
There’s really only one drawback, and that’s the unit only comes with about 10-feet of cable. So, it’s smart to buy additional when you buy the device.
This model is priced around $500.
HIBOOST TRAVEL 4G 2.0 RV
Hiboost released the updated Travel 4G 2.0 RV in late 2019. It replaced the venerable 4G LTE Booster. This is one of the best RV cellular boosters because it has many great features, starting with its dedicated app.
The booster has both Bluetooth and WiFi modules that allow you to monitor the signal via the mobile app called ‘Signal Supervisor’. This app not only shows you real-time signal readings but also demonstrates how effectively the booster is performing. The app gives you access to a signal meter tool that helps locate the best outdoor position for your antenna, and HiBoost operates a technical support center you can contact directly from the app.
The Hiboost Travel 4G usually costs around $450.
Verizon Cell Phone Signal Booster
The Verizon Cell Phone Signal booster is known for delivering higher audio quality, faster streaming, and increased data and voice speeds.
This signal booster is not 5G compatible but can boost the signal for multiple 4G LTE users at one time. It covers an area of up to 4,500 square feet, so it’s perfect for nearly any RV.
The advantages of choosing this device are: it supports multiple users simultaneously, covers a large area, and is equipped with automatic gain control.
The advantage is this model works for all cellular systems , Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile, Cricket Wireless, US Cellular, Straight Talk Wireless.
This Verizon cellular booster usually costs less than $200.
ANYCALL CAR USE MOBILE BOOSTER FOR ALL NETWORKS
If you’re looking for a simple but effective device that’s a little easier on your wallet, check out the AnyCall Car Use Mobile Booster.
Not only is it affordable, but it works with all network providers. Even though the unit is roughly half the others’ price, its service is nearly the same.
This broadband model is great because it has features such as “inactivity mode,” which reduces power consumption, and can be used in motion or parked.
It usually sells for under $200.
SURECALL N-RANGE 2.0 VEHICLE SIGNAL BOOSTER
The SureCall N-Range 2.0 is the bare-bones bargain unit of RV Cellular boosters.
This option is best for those looking for a small, simple device that offers no frills or thrills. It’s great because the setup is easy, and it works with all carriers.
Just beware that it’s only 3G and 4G LTE compatible and only supports one user at a time. You put your cell phone in a cradle and it’s powered by a 12-volt adapter (cigarette lighter) on the dash.
Though it’s sold mostly for passenger vehicles, there’s no reason it also won’t work in an RV.
And at only around $200, this is one of the most affordable choices on our list.
Way back in 2013, a device similar to this was my first cellular booster and it worked great.
So… just in case you don’t think such an inexpensive will work, here is that old video, shot nearly eight years ago:
What RV Cellular Booster Do You Use?
What do you consider the best RV Cellular booster? Leave us a comment and let us know what you think.
Reference : https://rvlifestyle.com/best-rv-cellular-boosters/
Wire Gauge Standard VS American Wire Gauge
Standard VS American Wire Gauge
| SWG | Diameter (inch) | Nearest AWG |
| 12 | 0.104 | 10 |
| 14 | 0.08 | 12 |
| 16 | 0.064 | 14 |
| 18 | 0.048 | 16 |
| 20 | 0.036 | 19 |
| 22 | 0.028 | 21 |
| 24 | 0.022 | 23 |
| 26 | 0.018 | 25 |
| 28 | 0.148 | 27 |
| 30 | 0.0124 | 28 |
| 32 | 0.0108 | 29 |
| 34 | 0.0092 | 31 |
| 36 | 0.0076 | 32 |
| 38 | 0.006 | 34 |
| 40 | 0.0048 | 36 |
| 42 | 0.004 | 38 |
| 44 | 0.0032 | 40 |
| 46 | 0.0024 | -- |
Standard vs American Wire Gauge.
Antenna Insulators
Common materials that you can use for insulating hardware when building antennas. Homemade insulators are inexpensive. I encourage you to make them, especially for your dipoles.
High-quality insulators are mandatory for good performance. A half-wave dipole has very high RF voltage at the outer ends. This means that your end insulators must have a high dielectric factor (high breakdown voltage and infinite resistance). I suggest that you use insulators that are made from polyethy- lene rod or tubing (available from industrial plastic vendors). High-impact polystyrene rod or tubing is also good. Plexiglass T™) is also a good insulating material, but it is brittle and shatters easily, especially during cold weather. It is best to avoid this material for long dipoles. You should also avoid nylon insulators, as they may heat and burn when subject- ed to high RF voltage. PVC pipe and tubing is similarly poor in the presence of high RF voltage.
If you purchase commercially made insulators, try to obtain glazed porcelain ones. Another acceptable commercial insulator is made from molded polyethylene. Radio Shack stores. stock this type of end insulator. They are available also from farm stores that sell electric-fence components. Fig 4 shows how to fashion your own insulators from tubing and solid rod.
Fig 4 - Examples of homemade antenna insulators. The unit at A is made from solid plastic rod. Grooves may be cut at the ends, as shown, with a router. This relieves the stress on the antenna wire and helps to keep the wire from shifting position on the insulator. Suggested dimensions are given for developing a strong insulator. Example B shows how to make an insulator from plastic tubing. A rectangular plastic block (C) is also suitable as an insulator. Grooves can be added to the ends of this unit also.
If you are willing to spend additional money when building high quality homemade insulators, please consider the use of Delrin or Teflon rod. These materials are also available from industrial plastics dealers.
For short-term emergency situations you can make your dipole end insulators from 4-inch pieces of 3/4-inch dowel rod. Drill the holes in the wood, then boil the wooden insulators in canning wax for 10 minutes. The wax will impregnate the wood, which will prevent it from absorbing moisture and becoming lossy. Alternatively, you may soak the dowel-rod insulators in exterior polyurethane varnish for 24 hours. Allow them to dry thoroughly before using them.
High-quality insulators are mandatory for good performance. A half-wave dipole has very high RF voltage at the outer ends. This means that your end insulators must have a high dielectric factor (high breakdown voltage and infinite resistance). I suggest that you use insulators that are made from polyethy- lene rod or tubing (available from industrial plastic vendors). High-impact polystyrene rod or tubing is also good. Plexiglass T™) is also a good insulating material, but it is brittle and shatters easily, especially during cold weather. It is best to avoid this material for long dipoles. You should also avoid nylon insulators, as they may heat and burn when subject- ed to high RF voltage. PVC pipe and tubing is similarly poor in the presence of high RF voltage.
If you purchase commercially made insulators, try to obtain glazed porcelain ones. Another acceptable commercial insulator is made from molded polyethylene. Radio Shack stores. stock this type of end insulator. They are available also from farm stores that sell electric-fence components. Fig 4 shows how to fashion your own insulators from tubing and solid rod.
Fig 4 - Examples of homemade antenna insulators. The unit at A is made from solid plastic rod. Grooves may be cut at the ends, as shown, with a router. This relieves the stress on the antenna wire and helps to keep the wire from shifting position on the insulator. Suggested dimensions are given for developing a strong insulator. Example B shows how to make an insulator from plastic tubing. A rectangular plastic block (C) is also suitable as an insulator. Grooves can be added to the ends of this unit also.
If you are willing to spend additional money when building high quality homemade insulators, please consider the use of Delrin or Teflon rod. These materials are also available from industrial plastics dealers.
For short-term emergency situations you can make your dipole end insulators from 4-inch pieces of 3/4-inch dowel rod. Drill the holes in the wood, then boil the wooden insulators in canning wax for 10 minutes. The wax will impregnate the wood, which will prevent it from absorbing moisture and becoming lossy. Alternatively, you may soak the dowel-rod insulators in exterior polyurethane varnish for 24 hours. Allow them to dry thoroughly before using them.
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