Universal Symmetric Power Supply

 

This power supply has been specially designed for the 20 th -order filter described elsewhere in this issue, but it can also be used for a legion of other opamp circuits. The supply voltage is set to ± 17.5 V, in light of the maximum output level of the filter. This benefits the signal to noise ratio. The specified absolute maximum supply voltage for most opamps is ± 18 V, and we have intentionally kept a bit below this limit. The transformer is one of a series made by Hahn (model UI 30), so the circuit can be easily adapted for higher power levels by using a different transformer. All transformers in this series have the same footprint (53 X 44 mm), with only the height changing according to the power capacity. The series consists of 3, 4, 6, 10 and 16-VA models, which are respectively 16.3, 18.3, 21.8, 27.7 and 37.6 mm high. There are two secondary windings, with standard voltages of 2 X 6, 2 X 9, 2 X 12, 2 X 15 and 2 X 18 V. We chose a 4 VA transformer with 2x18V secondaries for this application. Certain models are also available from other manufactures, but the locations of the secondary connections are different. The circuit board layout can accommodate two different types.

The circuit is based on the well-known LM317 and LM337 voltage regulators. Since the output voltages are set by voltage dividers, any voltage between 1.25 V and 40 V is possible. In case you don't already know, the formula for the positive output voltage (LM317) is

V out = 1.25*(1+R2/R1) + I adj *R2

The same formula applies to the negative regulator, using R3

and R4 instead. Capacitors C5 and C6 increase the ripple suppression to 80 dB. Depending on the application and the output power, it may be necessary to use heat sinks for the regulator ICs. The power supply has a simple mains filter to suppress common-mode interference. This is primarily needed if the supply is used to power sensitive circuits. The coil is a Siemens type that has been used in many other Elektor Electronics projects. Dl acts as a mains voltage indicator. The indicated value of the fuse, both in the diagram and on the circuit board, is 32 mA (slow). This value will have to be modified for higher power levels (as will the label on the circuit board!). With lower output voltages and larger output currents, the filter capacitors C9 and CIO must be made larger. The working voltage can then be reduced, so the physical dimensions will probably remain the same. 

The PCB shown here is available ready-made through the Publishers' Readers Services.

Analog Opto Coupler

 

It is sometimes necessary to make an electrically isolated connection in a circuit. An optocoupler is usually the key component in such a situation. In most optocouplers, a single lightemitting diode (transmitter) and a single photodiode (receiver) are optically coupled inside the package. This solution is satisfactory for transferring digital levels (such as the control signals for a thyristor), since only two logical states (LED on or LED off) have to be transferred. An exact (analogue) coupling is thus not necessary.

If an analogue voltage must be transferred, then it is important that the voltages at the input and the output closely track each other. To make this possible, the transmitter and receiver must employ comparable components that are incorporated into an analogue circuit. The type CNR200 and CNR201 opto-couplers that are available from Agilent (formerly HewlettPackard) contain all the essential components for such a function. There are two photodiodes and one LED in a single package, with an optical coupling between the LED and one of the photodiodes. The schematic diagram shows how the transmitter LED is optically coupled to the photodiode in the receiver. The remaining photodiode is incorporated into the transmitter and ensures that the characteristic of the transmitter amplifier is the same as that of the receiver. Assuming a supply voltage of 5 V, analogue voltages in the range of 0 to 3 V can be readily transferred. The isolation voltage between the input and output of this optocoupler is 1000 V. The value that can be achieved in practice depends on the printed circuit board layout

Single-Opamp 10-MHz Bandpass Filter

 

A bandpass filter is usually used to pass frequencies within a certain frequency range. If a high-performance opamp is used, such a filter can also be used at relatively high frequencies. As shown in the schematic diagram, here we have chosen an OPA603, which is a fast current-feedback opamp with a 100 MHz bandwidth for gain values between 1 and 10 (0 to 20 dB). If the circuit only has to handle a narrow range of frequencies, as in this case, the gain can be increased.

 With a current-feedback opamp, just as with an ordinary opamp, the negative feedback between the output and the inverting input determines the gain. In addition, the impedance of the feedback network determines the open-loop gain and the frequency response. With the component values shown in the schematic diagram, signals outside the passband are attenuated by 22 dB. The centre frequency of the filter is 10 MHz. As indicated by the printed formula, the centre frequency can easily be altered. However, keep in mind that 10 MHz is roughly the maximum frequency at which this circuit can be used. The circuit can be powered by a supply voltage of ± 15 V.

Infra-Red Light Barrier

 

This is a short-range light barrier for use as an intruder alarm in doorposts, etc. The 555 in the transmitter (Figure 1) oscillates at about 4.5 kHz, supplying pulses with a duty cycle of about 13% to keep power consumption within reason. Just about any infra-red LED (also called IRED) may be used. Suggested, commonly available types are the LD271 and SFH485. The exact pulse frequency is adjusted with preset PI. The LEDs are pulsed at a peak current of about 100 mA, determined by the 47 Q series resistor.

In the receiver (Figure 2), the maximum sensitivity of photodiode D2 should occur at the wavelength of the IREDs used in the transmitter. You should be okay if you use an SFH205F, BPW34 or BP104. Note that the photodiode is connected reverse-biased! So, if you measure about 0.45 V across this device, it is almost certainly fitted the wrong way around. The received pulses are first amplified by Tl and T2. Next comes a PLL (phase lock loop) built with the reverenced NE567 (or LM567). The PLL chip pulls its output, pin 8, Low when it is locked onto the 4.5 kHz 'tone' received from the transmitter. When the (normally invisible) light beam is interrupted (for example, by someone walking into the room), the received signal disappears and IC1 will pull its output pin High. This enables oscillator IC2 in the receiver, and an audible alarm is produced.

The two-transistor amplifier in the receiver is purposely overdriven to some extent to ensure that the duty cycle of the output pulses is roughly 50%. If the 2 transmitter is too far away from the receiver, overdriving will no longer be guaranteed, hence IC1 will not be enabled by an alarm condition. If you want to get the most out of the circuit in respect of distance covered, start by modifying the value of R2 until the amplifier output signal again has a duty cycle of about 50%. The circuit is simple to adjust. Switch on the receiver, the buzzer should sound. Then switch on the transmitter. Point the transmitter LEDs to the receiver input. Use a relatively small distance, say, 30 cm. Adjust PI on the transmitter until the buzzer is silenced

Switch the receiver off and on again a few times to make sure it locks onto the transmitter carrier under all circumstances. If necessary, re-adjust PI, slowly increasing the distance between the transmitter and the receiver

Battery Discharger

 

The battery discharger published in the June 1998 issue of this magazine may be improved by adding a Schottky diode (D 3 ). This ensures that a NiCd cell is discharged not to 0.6-0.7 V, but to just under 1 V as recommended by the manufacturers. An additional effect is then that light-emitting diode D 2 flashes when the battery connected to the terminals is flat.

The circuit in the diagram is based on an astable multivibrator operating at a frequency of about 25 kHz. When transistor T 2 conducts, a current flows through inductor L lf whereupon energy is stored in the resulting electromagnetic field. When T 2 is cut off, the field collapses, whereupon a counteremf is produced at a level that exceeds the forward voltage (about 1.6 V) of D 2 . A current then flows through the diode so that this lights. Diode D 1 prevents the current flowing through R 4 and C 2 . This process is halted only when the battery voltage no longer provides a sufficient base potential for the transistors. In the original circuit, this happened at about 0.65 V. The addition of the forward bias of D 3 (about 0.3 V), the final discharge voltage of the battery is raised to 0.9-1.0 V. Additional resistors R 5 and R 6 ensure that sufficient current flows through D 3 . When the battery is discharged to the recommended level, it must be removed from the discharger since, in contrast to the original circuit, a small current continues to flow through D 3 , R 2 _ R 3, and R5.R6 until the battery is totally discharged

The flashing of D 2 when the battery is nearing recommended discharge is caused by the increasing internal resistance of the battery lowering the terminal voltage to below the threshold level. If no current flows, the internal resistance is of no consequence since the terminal voltage rises to the threshold voltage by taking some energy from the battery. When the discharge is complete to the recommended level, the LED goes out. It should therefore be noted that the battery is discharged sufficiently when the LED begins to flash.

Stepper Motor Generator

 

Any stepper motor can be used as a generator. In contrast to other generators, a stepper motor produces a large induced voltage even at low rotational speeds. The type used here, with a DC resistance of 2x60 Q per winding, can generate more than 20 V when turned by hand, without any gearing. The circuit diagram for a 'hand-cranked torch' shows how you can use a stepper motor as a generator.

A supplementary circuit stores the energy. Two bridge rectifiers, each made up of four 1N4148 diodes, charge the 4700-jL/F capacitor. The super-bright (white) LED is driven either via a 390-Q resistor (Power Light), or via 22 kQ in series with 390 Q. In the latter case, the LED is not as bright, but it stays on longer. You must restrain yourself when cranking the dynamo, since in the 'bright' setting it is possible to exceed the rated LED current of 20 mA, while in the 'long' setting it is possible to exceed the rated capacitor voltage of 25 V If necessary, adjust the value of the LED series resistor.

The lamp is bright enough for reading in complete darkness. The stepper motor generator is thus ideal for spies, thieves and children who want to read under the bedcovers. You could also keep it handy in your hobby room, in case of a short circuit

0-44 dB RF Attenuator

Anyone who has to reduce the amplitudes of RF signals in a controlled manner needs an attenuator. Linearly adjustable attenuation networks using special PIN diodes are available for this, but they require quite intricate control circuitry.

A simpler solution is to use an integrated attenuator that can be switched in steps. The RF 2420 is an IC built using gallium- arsenide (GaAs) technology, which works in the frequency range between 1 MHz and 950 MHz. It can thus be used as an attenuator for cable television signals, for example. The attenuation can be set between 0 and 44 dB in 2-dB steps. An insertion loss of 4 dB must also be taken into account. This base attenuation can be measured in the 0-dB setting, and it forms the reference point for switchable attenuation networks that provide 2, 4, 8, 10 and 20 dB of attenuation. These are all controlled by a set of 5 TTL inputs. The control signals must have Low levels below 0.3 V and High levels of at least +2.5 V The RF 2420 works with a supply voltage between + 3 V and + 6 V, with a typical current consumption of 4 mA. A power-down mode, in which the current consumption drops to 0.8 mA, can be activated by removing power from the bussed V DD - pins.

The sample circuit diagram for the RF 2420 shows that the only external components that are needed are decoupling capacitors. The coupling capacitors at the input and output determine the lower operating frequency

10 to 1000 Oscillator

Nowadays, it is no longer necessary to use discrete components to build oscillators. Instead, many manufacturers provide ready-made voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) ICs that need only a few frequency-determining external components. One example is the RF Micro Devices RF2506. This IC operates with a supply voltage between 2.7 and 3.6 V (3.3 V nominal) and provides a low-noise oscillator transistor with integrated DC bias setting. In addition, it has an isolating buffer amplifier that strongly reduces the effects of load variations (load pulling) on the oscillator. If a voltage less than 0.7 V is applied to the power-down input (pin 8), the oscillator is shut down and the current consumption drops from 9 mA to less than 1 uA/A. The VCO is enabled when the voltage on pin 8 is at least +3.0 V

Connecting the feedback capacitors CI and C2 to pins 3 (FDBK) and 4 (VTUNE) transforms the internal transistor into a Colpitts oscillator. A resonator is also needed; here this consists of C4 and LI, and it is coupled via C3. Keep the Q factor of the coil as high as possible (by using an air-core coil, for example), to ensure a low level of phase noise. Since most applications require a tuneable oscillator, the varicap diode Dl (BBY40, BBY51, BB804 etc) can be used to adjust the resonant frequency. The tuning voltage is applied via a high resistance. The value of the tuning voltage naturally depends on the desired frequency range and the variable-capacitance diode (Dl) that is used. The table RF2506 shows a number of suggestions V o for selecting the frequency-determining components.

If the frequency range is narrow, FDE a parallel-resonant circuit should vtui be connected between the output pin and +V CC , to form the collector load for the output transistor. This can be built using the same components as the oscillator resonator. With a broadband VCO, use a HF choke instead, with a value of a few microhenries to a few nanohenries, depending on the frequency band. In this case C6 is not needed. The output level of this circuit is -3 dBm with an LC load and -7 dBm with a choke load.

The table that accompanies the schematic diagram provides

rough indications of component values for various frequencies. It is intended to provide a starting point for experimentation. The coupling between the variable-capacitance diode and C5 determines the tuning range of the VCO. The manufacturer maintains an Internet site at www.rfmd.com, where you can find more information about this interesting oscillator IC

source : Elektor Circuit Collections 2000-2014

Simple RF Detector for 2 m

This simple circuit helps you sniff out RF radiation leaking from your transmitter, improper joints, a broken cable or equipment with poor RF shielding. The tester is designed for the 2-m amateur radio band (144-146 MHz in Europe).

The instrument has a 4-step LED readout and an audible alarm for high radiation voltages. The RF signal is picked up by an antenna and made to resonate by CI -LI. After rectifying by diode Dl, the signal is fed to a two-transistor highgain Darlington amplifier, T2T3. Assuming that a 10-inch telescopic antenna is used, the RF level scale set up for the LEDs is as follows:

When all LEDs light, the (optional) UM66 sound/melody generator chip (IC1) is also actuated and supplies an audible alarm. By changing the values of zener diodes D2, D4, D6 and D8, the step size

and span of the instrument may be changed as required. For operation in other ham or PMR bands, simply change the resonant network CI -LI.

As an example, a 5-watt handheld transceiver fitted with a half-wave telescopic antenna (G = 3.5 dBd), will produce an ERP (effective radiated power) of almost 10 watts and an e.m.f. of more than 8 volts close to your head.

Inductor LI consists of 2.5 turns of 20 SWG (approx. 1 mm dia) enamelled copper wire. The inside diameter is about 7 mm and no core is used. The associated trimmer capacitor CI is tuned for the highest number of LEDs to light at a relatively low fleldstrength put up by a 2-m transceiver transmitting at 145 MHz.

The tester is powered by a 9-V battery and draws about 15 mA when all LEDs are on. It should be enclosed in a metal case.

Noise Injector

This Circuit is primarily intended to be used by persons who want to experiment with audio. For example, you can determine whether your own audible threshold for noise is different with and without music, or whether a particular CD sounds better with a little bit of noise. However, since this circuit produces white noise, it can also be used for test measurements, such as comparing the sounds of different loudspeakers, measuring filter characteristics and so on. The measured characteristics, as shown in Figure 2, show a nearly flat amplitude distribution (averaged over 64 measurements). The effective value of the noise signal at the output is around 100 mV maximum (with both potentiometers set to maximum), measured over the frequency range of 22 Hz to 22 kHz.

The noise is generated by reverse-biasing the base-emitter junction of a PNP transistor (BC557B) so that it zeners. In our prototype, the voltage across Tl was approximately 10 V. PI is used to set the level of the generated noise so that it is just audible, following which the output level can be adjusted using the logarithmic potentiometer P2. For making measurements, PI can also be simply set to its maximum position. The noise is amplified by two opamp stages. Depending on the transistor manufacturer, or the type of transistor if you use a different type, the level of the generated noise can vary significantly. Using two amplification stages in series provides more options and considerably more bandwidth, and you can implement various filter characteristics around ICla and IClb according to your own taste. The gain of the two stages has been kept equal to ensure the maximum possible bandwidth. The amplified signal is then passed to a simple summing amplifier (IC2). We have used a stereo arrangement, in which both channels receive the same noise signal. If you want to expand on the design, you can provide each channel with its own noise generator. In this case, you will have to use a dual potentiometer for P2.

The well-known NE5532 is used for the amplifiers, but any other good dual opamp would also be satisfactory. The opamps are fed from a standard, symmetrical ±15-V supply. In order to suppress possible positive feedback via the power supply, and to reduce the effects of power supply noise (since the opamps are non-inverting), the supply for the noise diode circuit (Rl and Tl) is separately stabilised by IC3 (7812) and extra filtering for the ± 15-V supply is provided by C8 and C9. IC3 must be located as close as possible to Rl, Tl and IC1. The coupling capacitors CI and C2 are necessary to prevent the DC component of the noise signal from appearing at the outputs.

The table lists some measured characteristics of the circuit, for a bandwidth B of 22 Hz to 22 kHz and a reference level of 2V eff .

NE555 Datasheet

The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate timing pulses. With a monostable operation, the time delay is controlled by one external resistor and one capacitor. With an astable operation, the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor

Features :

• High Current Drive Capability (200mA) 

• Adjustable Duty Cycle 

• Temperature Stability of 0.005%/°C 

• Timing From µSec to Hours 

• Turn off Time Less Than 2µSec 

Applications :

 • Precision Timing 

• Pulse Generation

 • Time Delay Generation 

• Sequential Timing 

Simple Touch Pad Dimmer

 

Using a Power-FET it is possible to build a very simple touch dimmer for low voltage lamps. Two drawing pins are used here as the touch contacts. The electrical resistance of your skin is in the order of 100 kQ to 1 MQ. The circuit operates as an integrator with a capacitor in its negative feedback path. This configuration gives a relatively linear control character¬ istic. Once you have selected a brightness level, it will be maintained for hours if you use a low leakage (foil) capacitor. Another feature of this circuit is that the harder you press on the contacts, the quicker the lamp brightness changes.

Low-Noise Microphone Amplifier

The signal from a microphone is two weak for a standard line input. This low-noise DC-coupled microphone amplifier pro¬ vides a solution for anyone who wants to connect a micro¬ phone to his or her hi-fi installation. As can be seen from the schematic diagram, a good circuit does not have to be com¬ plex. A differential amplifier is built around T1 (MAT-03E), which is a low-noise dual transistor. The combination of T2 and LED D1 forms a constant-current source for the input stage. A low-noise opamp (OP-270E) amplifies the difference signal that appears at the collectors of the dual transistor. The result is an analogue signal at line level. The bandwidth of the amplifier ranges from 1 Hz to 20 kHz. Within the audio range (20 Hz to 20 kHz), the distortion is less than 0.005 percent. Since only half of the OP-270E is used, the remaining opamp could be used in the output stage of a stereo version.

The amplifier can be powered from a stabilised, symmetrical supply with a voltage between ±12 V and ±15 V. Such sup¬ ply voltages are already present in many amplifiers.

Yagi Antenna Design

 

Yagi Antenna Design

Practical Antenna Handbook

 

1 Introduction to Radio Broadcasting and

Communications 1

2 Radio-wave Propagation 5

3 Transmission Lines 59

4 The Smith Chart 95

5 Fundamentals of Radio Antennas 123

6 High-Frequency Dipole and Other Doublet Antennas 141

7 Vertically Polarized HF Antennas 173

8 Multiband and Tunable-Wire Antennas 203

9 Longwire Directional Antennas 213

10 Hidden and Limited-Space Antennas 231

11 Directional Phased Vertical Antennas 245

12 Directional Beam Antennas 255

13 Antennas for Shortwave Reception 271

14 Large Wire Loop Antennas 287

15 Small Loop Receiving Antennas 299

16 Small Transmitting Loop Antennas 319

17 Antenna Modeling Software 327

18 VHF/UHF Transmitting and Receiving Antennas 339

19 Microwave Waveguides and Antennas 369

20 Antenna Noise Temperature 417

21 Antennas for Radio Astronomy 421

22 Adjusting, Installing, and Troubleshooting Antennas and

Transmission Lines 433

23 Antennas for Radio Direction Finding (RDF) 439

24 Impedence Matching in Antenna Systems 457

25 Mobile, Emergency, Portable, and Marine Antennas 479

26 Antennas for Low-Frequency Operation 501

27 Measurement and Adjustment Techniques 515

28 General Antenna Mechanical Construction Techniques 543

29 Grounding the Antenna: What Is a Good Ground? 573

Top Telecom Companies in Australia

The telecommunications industry in Australia is robust and competitive, with numerous companies offering a wide range of services from broadband internet to mobile communications and enterprise solutions. This article will provide a comprehensive overview of the top telecom companies in Australia, including detailed reviews, website links, infrastructure insights, services offered, revenue information, and examples of companies using their services.

1. Telstra

Overview: Telstra is the largest telecommunications company in Australia, offering a wide range of services including mobile, broadband, fixed-line, and enterprise solutions.

Website: Telstra

Infrastructure: Telstra boasts an extensive infrastructure network, including a nationwide 4G and 5G mobile network, extensive fibre-optic and copper networks, and international subsea cables.

Services:

• Mobile services
• Broadband internet (NBN and ADSL)
• Fixed-line telephony
• Enterprise and government solutions
• Cloud and managed IT services
• IoT and M2M solutions

Revenues: Telstra's annual revenue is approximately AUD 26 billion.

Examples of Companies Using Telstra Services:

• Commonwealth Bank of Australia
• Woolworths
• Qantas Airways

2. Optus

Overview: Optus is the second-largest telecom company in Australia, offering a range of services including mobile, broadband, fixed-line, and enterprise solutions.

Website: Optus

Infrastructure: Optus operates a comprehensive 4G and 5G mobile network, as well as fibre-optic and satellite infrastructure.

Services:

• Mobile services
• Broadband internet (NBN and ADSL)
• Fixed-line telephony
• Enterprise and government solutions
• Cloud and managed IT services
• Cybersecurity solutions

Revenues: Optus's annual revenue is approximately AUD 9 billion.

Examples of Companies Using Optus Services:

• BHP
• University of Sydney
• Australia Post

3. TPG Telecom

Overview: TPG Telecom, formed by the merger of TPG and Vodafone Hutchison Australia, offers a range of mobile, broadband, and enterprise solutions.

Website: TPG Telecom

Infrastructure: TPG Telecom operates a nationwide mobile network, extensive fibre-optic infrastructure, and a significant presence in NBN services.

Services:

• Mobile services (Vodafone brand)
• Broadband internet (NBN and ADSL)
• Fixed-line telephony
• Enterprise and government solutions
• Cloud and managed IT services
• Data centre services

Revenues: TPG Telecom's annual revenue is approximately AUD 5 billion.

Examples of Companies Using TPG Telecom Services:

• ANZ Bank
• Myer
• Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)

4. Vocus Group

Overview: Vocus Group is a leading provider of fibre and network solutions, offering services to enterprise, government, wholesale, and residential customers.

Website: Vocus Group

Infrastructure: Vocus operates an extensive fibre-optic network, including subsea cables and data centres across Australia and New Zealand.

Services:

• Fibre and network solutions
• Broadband internet (NBN and fibre)
• Enterprise and government solutions
• Cloud and data centre services
• Unified communications
• Managed IT services

Revenues: Vocus Group's annual revenue is approximately AUD 1.9 billion.

Examples of Companies Using Vocus Services:

• Woolworths
• Flight Centre
• Australian Department of Defence

5. iiNet

Overview: iiNet, a subsidiary of TPG Telecom, is known for providing broadband, phone, and mobile services with a strong focus on customer service.

Website: iiNet

Infrastructure: iiNet leverages TPG's extensive fibre-optic network and has a strong presence in NBN services.

Services:

• Broadband internet (NBN and ADSL)
• Mobile services
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions
• Cloud and hosting services

Revenues: iiNet's financials are consolidated under TPG Telecom, contributing to its overall revenue of AUD 5 billion.

Examples of Companies Using iiNet Services:

• Small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
• Residential customers
• Educational institutions

6. Aussie Broadband

Overview: Aussie Broadband is a fast-growing provider of NBN services, known for its transparent pricing and excellent customer support.

Website: Aussie Broadband

Infrastructure: Aussie Broadband operates its own backhaul network, ensuring high-quality and reliable NBN services.

Services:

• NBN broadband internet
• Mobile services
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions
• Cloud and hosting services

Revenues: Aussie Broadband's annual revenue is approximately AUD 300 million.

Examples of Companies Using Aussie Broadband Services:

• SMEs across various sectors
• Residential customers
• Tech startups

7. Southern Phone

Overview: Southern Phone, owned by AGL, provides broadband, mobile, and phone services with a focus on regional and rural Australia.

Website: Southern Phone

Infrastructure: Southern Phone leverages the NBN and mobile networks of major providers to deliver services in regional areas.

Services:

• NBN broadband internet
• Mobile services
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions

Revenues: Southern Phone's annual revenue is consolidated under AGL.

Examples of Companies Using Southern Phone Services:

• Regional SMEs
• Local government offices
• Residential customers in rural areas

8. MyRepublic

Overview: MyRepublic is an innovative broadband provider focusing on NBN services with a strong emphasis on speed and gaming performance.

Website: MyRepublic

Infrastructure: MyRepublic utilizes the NBN network and has invested in its own backhaul infrastructure to ensure high-speed services.

Services:

• NBN broadband internet
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions
• Gaming optimized plans

Revenues: MyRepublic's annual revenue is approximately AUD 100 million.

Examples of Companies Using MyRepublic Services:

• SMEs
• Residential customers
• Gamers and tech enthusiasts

9. Exetel

Overview: Exetel offers broadband, mobile, and VoIP services, focusing on providing affordable and reliable connectivity solutions.

Website: Exetel

Infrastructure: Exetel utilizes the NBN network and partnerships with major providers for mobile services.

Services:

• NBN broadband internet
• Mobile services
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions
• Cloud and hosting services

Revenues: Exetel's annual revenue is approximately AUD 120 million.

Examples of Companies Using Exetel Services:

• SMEs
• Residential customers
• Startups

10. Pentanet

Overview: Pentanet is a rapidly growing ISP in Western Australia, providing high-speed fixed wireless and NBN services.

Website: Pentanet

Infrastructure: Pentanet operates its own fixed wireless network and leverages the NBN for broadband services.

Services:

• Fixed wireless broadband
• NBN broadband internet
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions
• Cloud gaming services

Revenues: Pentanet's annual revenue is approximately AUD 20 million.

Examples of Companies Using Pentanet Services:

• SMEs in Western Australia
• Residential customers
• Tech startups

11. Spirit Telecom

Overview: Spirit Telecom offers high-speed internet, VoIP, and cloud solutions primarily for business customers.

Website: Spirit Telecom

Infrastructure: Spirit Telecom operates its own fibre-optic network and fixed wireless infrastructure, ensuring reliable and high-speed services.

Services:

• Fibre and fixed wireless broadband
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions
• Cloud and managed IT services
• Cybersecurity services

Revenues: Spirit Telecom's annual revenue is approximately AUD 50 million.

Examples of Companies Using Spirit Telecom Services:

• SMEs
• Corporate offices
• Educational institutions

12. Uniti Group

Overview: Uniti Group provides broadband and phone services, focusing on high-speed fibre and fixed wireless solutions.

Website: Uniti Group

Infrastructure: Uniti operates its own fibre-optic and fixed wireless networks, offering high-speed internet services.

Services:

• Fibre and fixed wireless broadband
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions
• Cloud services

Revenues: Uniti Group's annual revenue is approximately AUD 200 million.

Examples of Companies Using Uniti Group Services:

• SMEs
• Residential customers
• Local government offices

13. Telstra Wholesale

Overview: Telstra Wholesale offers wholesale telecommunications services, providing network access to other ISPs and telecom providers.

Website: Telstra Wholesale

Infrastructure: Telstra Wholesale leverages Telstra's extensive fibre-optic and copper network infrastructure.

Services:

• Wholesale broadband and internet
• Wholesale mobile services
• Network access solutions
• Managed network services

Revenues: Telstra Wholesale's revenue is part of Telstra's overall revenue of AUD 26 billion.

Examples of Companies Using Telstra Wholesale Services:

• Other ISPs
• Telecom resellers
• Managed service providers

14. Vodafone Australia

Overview: Vodafone Australia, now part of TPG Telecom, offers a wide range of mobile and broadband services with a strong focus on network performance and customer satisfaction.

Website: Vodafone Australia

Infrastructure: Vodafone operates a comprehensive mobile network with extensive 4G and growing 5G coverage, along with fibre-optic broadband infrastructure.

Services:

• Mobile services
• NBN broadband internet
• VoIP and phone services
• Business mobile solutions
• IoT and M2M solutions

Revenues: Vodafone Australia's revenue is consolidated under TPG Telecom, contributing to its overall revenue of AUD 5 billion.

Examples of Companies Using Vodafone Australia Services:

• Large enterprises
• SMEs
• Retail chains

15. Internode

Overview: Internode, a subsidiary of iiNet, offers broadband, phone, and hosting services with a focus on high performance and customer service.

Website: Internode

Infrastructure: Internode leverages the NBN and iiNet's fibre-optic network for delivering broadband services.

Services:

• NBN broadband internet
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions
• Cloud and hosting services

Revenues: Internode's financials are consolidated under iiNet, contributing to TPG Telecom's overall revenue of AUD 5 billion.

Examples of Companies Using Internode Services:

• SMEs
• Residential customers
• Educational institutions

16. TasmaNet

Overview: TasmaNet provides high-speed internet and cloud services, focusing on business customers and educational institutions in Tasmania.

Website: TasmaNet

Infrastructure: TasmaNet operates its own fibre-optic network in Tasmania, providing high-speed connectivity.

Services:

• Fibre and NBN broadband
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions
• Cloud and hosting services

Revenues: TasmaNet's annual revenue is approximately AUD 10 million.

Examples of Companies Using TasmaNet Services:

• Businesses in Tasmania
• Educational institutions
• Local government offices

17. SkyMesh

Overview: SkyMesh specializes in providing satellite internet services, catering to remote and rural areas across Australia.

Website: SkyMesh

Infrastructure: SkyMesh leverages the NBN satellite service to deliver broadband connectivity to remote regions.

Services:

• Satellite broadband internet
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions

Revenues: SkyMesh's annual revenue is approximately AUD 15 million.

Examples of Companies Using SkyMesh Services:

• Remote businesses
• Rural residential customers
• Agricultural enterprises

18. Commander

Overview: Commander provides a range of telecommunications and IT services for small to medium-sized businesses, focusing on comprehensive communication solutions.

Website: Commander

Infrastructure: Commander utilizes the NBN and other major networks to deliver reliable services.

Services:

• NBN broadband internet
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions
• Managed IT services
• Cloud and hosting services

Revenues: Commander's annual revenue is approximately AUD 150 million.

Examples of Companies Using Commander Services:

• SMEs across various sectors
• Retail chains
• Professional services firms

19. Primus Telecom

Overview: Primus Telecom offers a range of broadband, mobile, and VoIP services, focusing on cost-effective solutions for residential and business customers.

Website: Primus Telecom

Infrastructure: Primus Telecom leverages the NBN and other major networks to provide broadband services.

Services:

• NBN broadband internet
• Mobile services
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions

Revenues: Primus Telecom's annual revenue is approximately AUD 50 million.

Examples of Companies Using Primus Telecom Services:

• SMEs
• Residential customers
• Small retail businesses

20. Opticomm

Overview: Opticomm specializes in providing high-speed fibre-optic broadband services to residential and business customers in new developments and estates.

Website: Opticomm

Infrastructure: Opticomm operates its own fibre-optic network, delivering gigabit-speed broadband.

Services:

• Fibre-optic broadband internet
• VoIP and phone services
• Business internet solutions

Revenues: Opticomm's annual revenue is approximately AUD 40 million.

Examples of Companies Using Opticomm Services:

• Property developers
• New residential estates
• Businesses in new developments

Conclusion

The telecommunications landscape in Australia is diverse, with a wide range of providers offering various services to meet the needs of businesses and residential customers. From large national players like Telstra and Optus to innovative providers like Aussie Broadband and Pentanet, there are numerous options available to ensure reliable and high-speed connectivity.

Choosing the right telecom provider is crucial for ensuring seamless communication and connectivity, whether for business operations or personal use. By exploring the offerings of these top telecom companies in Australia, businesses and individuals can find the best solutions to support their needs and drive growth. Whether it's high-speed broadband, advanced mobile services, or comprehensive enterprise solutions, these providers offer the tools and services necessary to thrive in today's digital world.